Introduction This article provides an overview of the treatment options available to help transgender and gender diverse (TGD) adults with gender dysphoria. This article requires...

Introduction Hyperprolactinaemia occurs when there is an elevated level of prolactin in the blood.1 It is the most common type of hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction and it is...

Introduction Addison’s disease is the traditional term for primary adrenal insufficiency. It involves a defective adrenal cortex, which manifests as an impairment in the synthesis...

Introduction Barrett’s oesophagus is a condition where there is an abnormal change in the cells lining the lower portion of the oesophagus due to chronic...

Introduction Taking an ascitic tap (diagnostic paracentesis) involves using a needle and syringe to take a sample of ascitic fluid from a patient’s abdomen. This procedure...

Introduction An ascitic drain (therapeutic paracentesis) involves removing excessive ascitic fluid from a patient’s abdomen. This is a therapeutic procedure, however, a sample of ascitic fluid can...